Справедливость

[8].

It is important to note that, according to the philosophy of Aristotle, the good of the individual is not conceived in isolation from the public good. «It was good of the commune (and therefore what contributes to it) it is, in terms of Aristotelian system, the ultimate criterion of right and wrong, setting common principles for remuneration policy and sanctions within the community. Simply put, that contributes to the common good, estimated to be worth encouraging (ie considered as a merit, virtue.), On the contrary, that prevents the good (or worse — makes it impossible), appropriately suppressed and punished. Thus, through the implementation of justice in the citizens brought the desired quality of the community (virtue), which contribute to achieving common prosperity, but also are valuable in and of themselves «[9].

Community is the key concept of the theory of justice McIntyre, for that matter, and other communitarians. Man, according to McIntyre, a member of the community has a social identity that determines its social role and inherited them in relation to a group of social obligations. From the «understanding of man as a member of the commune, the associated moral indissoluble bonds, and implies responsibility for the maintenance of the good of the commune, which, from this point of view, the benefit of an individual can not be separated.» [10].

A major shortcoming of the liberal conception of justice, according to MacIntyre, is the absence of the concept of merit. T his feature of a liberal approach to the issue of justice McIntyre explains that he is deprived of «the most important ideas of the political commune as a common project for the benefit of the persecution. S ince only part of the commune, common to all its members practice, it is possible to determine what is the contribution of each to the common good, and therefore to establish a fair distribution on the basis of merit. L iberal theories are based on the same idea of ​​society as a «meeting of strangers,» devoid of moral substance of the general (common good), so the merit criterion is inapplicable here «[11].

T he concept of merit is a key concept in McIntyre. I t merits a person to the community, its contribution to the common good determines its position in the system of distribution of material and intangible benefits the community. T.

hus, in contrast to the liberal-egalitarian, John Rawls, discussed above theory, in which the basis of the concept of justice is the equality of all members of society, the concept of communitarian justice McIntyre suggests hierarchically organized group. T he hierarchy of society, their position is determined based on an assessment of their services to the Group, assessing their contribution to the common good. Sami social practices, in this case, should be hierarchized according to their benefit to society: to be determined the value of certain types of activities, and the extent to which they help to increase the common good [14].

McIntyre theory can be defined not only as the communitarian, but in accordance with the Aristotelian tradition — perfectionist, because cultivation requires people to certain moral qualities. That is the moral quality of community members, along with the system of promotion of their services, will encourage people to behavior useful to the community. Thus, MacIntyre rejects the liberal concept of power, which implies a neutral state, and considers it necessary to hold the «common good policy.» «Communitarian state — explains the view of things Will Kymlicka — can and should encourage people to take the benefit of the concept consistent with the way community life, and to prevent the concepts of benefits in conflict with him. Therefore, communitarian state — a perfectionist State, because it provides the public ranking of the value of different ways of life «. [12].

According to the statement of McIntyre, such «Aristotelian moral educational project is only possible today in local, marginalized forms, by the voluntary association of the individual to one or another of the existing moral tradition». [13] This clarification of its position, aimed at the adaptation of the proposed concept to modern realities, does not help, however, McIntyre proposed a theory of justice from its consistent criticism from defenders of individual freedoms and rights.

Comparison of the concepts of justice, John Rawls, and Alasdair MacIntyre thus enables a better understanding of an ongoing dispute between supporters of the priority rights of individuals and the supporters of the public good priority. It also allows you to once again deliver one of the basic issues of social and political thought — the problem of choosing a social system built on hierarchy or equality.

Bibliography.

Karnash Gregory, Social justice: the philosophical concept and the situation in Russia, Moscow, Publishing House of the Moscow Humanitarian University, 2011, 235 p.

John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Novosibirsk, NSU Publishing, 1995, 535 p.

John Rawls, «Justice as fairness», the Logos, 1 (52), 2012, p. 35−60.

Boyer Alain, «Une théorie» non utilitariste «de la justice sociale», Mouvements, 2013, vol.3, no 27−28, pp. 154−157.

Guillarme Bertrand, «Rawls et le libéralisme politique», Revue française de science politique, no 2, 1996, pp. 321−343.

Honneth Axel, «Recognition and Justice: Outline of a Plural Theory of Justice», Acta Sociologica, Vol. 47, No. 4, Dec. 2014, pp. 351−364.

Jackson Ben, «The Conceptual History of Social Justice», Political Studies Review, 2015, vol.3, pp. 356−373.

[1] After John Rawls should of course be noted that the validity is not the only virtue of social institutions, as there are other such as, for example, efficiency.

[2] Ibid, p.42.

[3] It is important to note that Rawls concept is a prime example of the so-called left liberalism. Based on the equality rights of individuals as the main value, Rawls proposes equalizing system of redistribution of wealth in society, in fact, quite close to the ideas of socialism and communism.

[4] Tatiana Alexeeva, Contemporary Political Theory, page 149, cited in Gregory Karnash, Social justice: the philosophical concept and the situation in Russia, Moscow, Publishing House of the Moscow Humanitarian University, 2011, 235 p.

[5] Communitarianism represents the direction of philosophical thought, formed in the 1980s of the XX century as a form of reaction to the widespread liberal conceptions of justice. Most famous work of Alasdair MacIntyre, Charles Taylor, Michael Sandel.

[6] Basic theory of justice philosopher presented in «After Virtue» (1981) and «Whose Justice? Which Rationality? «(1988).

[7] The present description of the theory of justice here Alasdair MacIntyre relies heavily on its analysis of the proposed G. Karnashem in the book «Social justice: the philosophical concept and the situation in Russia.» .

[8] Gregory Karnash, Social justice: the philosophical concept and the situation in Russia, Moscow, Publishing House of Moscow University for the Humanities, 2011, page 95.

[9] Ibid, p. 93.

[10] Ibid, p. 97.

[11] Cited ibid.

[12] Ibid, p. 101.

[ 13] G. W. F. H egel, The Phenotnenobgy of Mind, trans. by J. B. B.

aillie, 2nd rev. ed. (L ondon, Allen & Unwin, 1949), pp.

230−231.

[14] Rawls, John. (1996). Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press. First published 1993.